A study examined caries in 349 children 2 to 6 years of age living in the Northwest Territories. The odds ratio for severe caries based upon whether the child drank milk was 0.44 (95% CI = 0.23 to 0.84). Which of the following is the most appropriate interpretation of these results? Drinking milk

was protective against caries.

was not protective against caries.

had no effect on caries.